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High purity germanium is a semiconductor material. It can be obtained from the reduction of high purity germanium oxide and then extracted by melting. Germanium doped with trace amounts of specific impurities can be used to make various crystal cells, rectifiers and other devices. Germanium compounds are used in the manufacture of fluorescent plates and various high refractive glass.

Germanium single crystal transistor is the first generation transistor material. Germanium is used in radiation detectors and thermoelectric materials. High purity germanium single crystal has a high refractive coefficient, transparent to infrared, not through visible light and ultraviolet light, can be used as a germanium window, prism or lens for infrared light. In the early 20th century, germanium was used to treat anemia, and then became the first semiconductor element to be used. Germanium has a high refraction coefficient and is only transparent to infrared light, but opaque to visible light and ultraviolet light, so military observers such as infrared night vision devices use pure germanium to make lenses. Compounds of germanium and niobium are superconducting materials. Germanium dioxide is a catalyst for polymerization. Glass containing silica has high refractive index and dispersive properties. It can be used as a wide-angle camera and microscope lens.